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 法律及新造船合同 | 新造船合同及点评 |  提纲挈领读懂造船合同--造船合同第09章,保修
 
提纲挈领读懂造船合同--造船合同第09章,保修
2019-08-21

保修章节非常重要,标准合同中几乎每段文字都包含大量交船后会发生的保修费用,也是实际合同谈判中非常难谈的一个章节。但也不用过于担心,只有价格谈不拢的项目,没有谈合同谈废的项目。

主要内容:

(1)保修只承保直接损失,不承保间接损失;
(2)保修范围仅限“defective materials and/or poor workmanship”
(3)买方可以在及时通知卖方的情况下,自行选择修理船厂;
(4)买方自行选择的修理船厂,修理费用不能超出XXX。

重要提示

(1)什么是直接损失?拖轮费是直接损失吗?租约是直接损失吗?入坞费是直接损失吗?

按照英国法,如果船舶不具备适航时,拖轮费是直接损失。租约损失也是直接损失。如果打官司的话,卖方是没有获胜的希望,所以在标准合同中明示了“XXXX都不是保修范围”。例如,如果主机发生故障而导致船舶失去适航性,而主机厂对主机的保修只承担主机的修理费用,修理过程需要船厂承担额外的拖轮费对船厂也是不公平的。如果建造方需承担拖轮费、入坞费,船东会将船拖到卸货码头,卸完货再拖到修理船厂,没事就入个坞检查一下。这些费用往往是修理费的几十倍。。

标准造船合同中明确将“拖轮费、入坞费、码头费、港口费等”排除在保修费用以外,当然想的到的费用都可以列进去,如果能在合同谈判时买方接受,以后就都不用赔。

Article IX - 1. GUARANTEE OF MATERIAL AND WORKMANSHIP

Subject to the provisions hereinafter set forth, the BUILDER undertakes to remedy, free of charge to the BUYER, any defects in the VESSEL due to defective material and/or bad workmanship and/or faulty design and/or physical damages directly caused by such defect (hereinafter called the "DEFECT(S)") on the part of the BUILDER and/or its sub-contractors, and to repair or to replace the DEFECT(S) (excluding any consequential or indirect damage) provided that the DEFECT(S) is (are) discovered within a period of twelve (12) months after the date of delivery of the VESSEL, except for the Gas Systems of the VESSEL as set out in Article VII(7)VI.7.11, being the date of signature of the “Protocol of Agreement in Respect of GAS TRIALS”, and a notice thereof is duly given to the BUILDER as hereinafter provided.


Article IX - 3(a), THE SELLER shall remedy, at its expense, any defects against which the VESSEL is guaranteed under this Article, by making all necessary repairs and/or replacements at the Shipyard or elsewhere as provided for in 3(b) below. In either case whether all necessary repairs or replacements are performed by the SELLER at its shipyard or elsewhere as provided for in 3(b) below, the SELLER shall not be responsible for towage, dockage, wharfage, port charges and anything else incurred for the Buyer"s getting and keeping the VESSEL ready for such repairing and replacing.

Article IX - 3(c), In any case, the VESSEL shall be taken at the BUYER"s cost and responsibility to the place elected, ready in all respects for such repairs or replacements.

以上标红的描述千万保留,不然买方保修时等船厂开除吧。

如果合同谈判过程中,实在谈不下来,只好在各种费用上加个帽子,不然真的没底。至于多少金额,当然是越少越好,看各自谈判的本事。

Readied in all respects for such repairs and replacements (which includes, but is not limited to towage, dockage, wharfage, port charges), and after completing all the works at the place of repair to take the Vessel back to its original condition to which the Seller shall contribute up to a total maximum amount of USD xx,000.- (United States Dollar xx only).

(2) 关于“faulty design”

由于保修范围仅限于“defective materials and/or poor workmanship”。而在造船合同中明确提出,建造方承担设计责任,买方提出在保修范围内加入“fauly design”。由于设计瑕疵很难鉴别,而且多数设备损坏都可归结于设计瑕疵,所以保修范围通常不涵盖“设计瑕疵”。例如,设备正常老化是否应该在设计过程中采用更加耐用的材料?或者在设计过程中,设计单位都会仔细计算全船电力负荷,而在实际建造过程中,买方建造代表会提出修改意见,增加设备或是功率加大,很可能导致全船电力负荷不足。买方如果放弃审图的修改权利和监造代表的修改权利,可以考虑接受“faulty design”。

“faulty design caused by gross negligence by the BUILDER”

以上这段文字是建造方在多次讨论后妥协的结果,供各位同行参考。

(3)买方自行选择的修理船厂,修理费需要设定可控的上限

在标准合同中,买方出现保修索赔时,卖方所赔付的价格为(1)实际费用(2)新加坡、韩国、中国的一线船厂平均报价,两者较低值。

Article IX - 2.(b)    However, if it is impractical to make the repair by the SELLER, the BUYER shall cause the necessary repairs or replacements to be made elsewhere which is deemed suitable for the purpose, provided that, in such event, the SELLER may forward or supply replacement parts or materials to the VESSEL, unless forwarding or supplying thereof to the VESSEL would impair or delay the operation or working schedule of the VESSEL. In the event that the BUYER proposes to cause the necessary repairs or replacements to be made to the VESSEL elsewhere, the BUYER shall first, but in all events as soon as possible, give the SELLER notice in writing of the time and place such repairs will be made, and if the VESSEL is not thereby delayed, or her operation or working schedule is not thereby impaired, the SELLER shall have the right to verify by its own representative(s) or representative(s) of Classification Society the nature and extent of the defects complained of. THE SELLER shall, in such cases, promptly advise the BUYER in writing, after such examination has been completed, of its acceptance or rejection of the defects as ones that are covered by the guarantee herein provided. Upon the SELLER"s acceptance of the defects as justifying remedy under this Article, the SELLER shall immediately pay to the BUYER  for such repairs or replacements a sum equal to the lower figure of (i) the actual cost for such repairs or replacements including forwarding charges; and (ii) the average cost for making similar repairs or replacements including forwarding charges as quoted by a leading shipyard each in China, South Korea and Singapore.

这个保修的价格限定合理吗?而合同谈判中,买方经常提出该价格可能严重低于实际维修费用,尤其是建造船舶在欧洲或美洲五大湖航运,船舶交付后根本不会再回到亚洲维修。买方会要求以欧洲一线船厂报价为报修索赔价格。

如果卖方接受买方的要求,将在船舶交付后付出巨大代价。买方的要求看似合理,其实买方来中船造船无非因为中船船厂报价便宜,而商品的价格本就与相关服务如售后相挂钩。如100元购买的商品怎么可能享受与1000元购买的同样商品同样的售后服务?另外船舶本身安装的是国产设备,买方也可能在保修时刻意更换更加昂贵的欧洲设备。而且本条款已经充分考虑到中船船厂维修价格便宜,才引入韩国、新加坡一线船厂的报价。

(4) 保修延长质保

买方提出保修的项目需延长质保,通常可以同意延长6个月的质保,但总的保修时间不超过18个月。

The SELLER guarantees repairs and/or replacement to the VESSEL made under this guaranty for a further period of six (6) months from the date of such repair or replacement, save that in the event that such repairs and for replacements are carried out within the twelve (12) months following the BUYER taking delivery of the VESSEL, then such repairs and/or replacements shall be guaranteed by the SELLER for the period of eighteen (18) months in total from the date the BUYER takes delivery of the VESSEL.

 
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